很多雅思考生為了提高雅思閱讀分數，做了很多題目，但成效不大，這時可以想想是不是備考書籍選擇不當造成，建議考生們多多看劍橋雅思真題。上海新航道雅思小編第一時間給大家帶來了劍5Test1雅思閱讀Passage1譯文-約翰遜博士的字典,希望可以幫助廣大雅思考生輕松備考雅思。

  劍5Test1雅思閱讀Passage1譯文-Johnson’s Dictionary

  約翰遜博士的字典

  For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.

  約翰遜博士的《字典》于1775年出版，在此之前的一個世紀，人們一直對英語的發展狀況擔憂。口語和書面語沒有統一的標準，對于如何整頓英語拼寫混亂的局面也沒有統一的看法。正是約翰遜博士為這一問題提供了解決方案。

  There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.

  當然，在此之前也有過一些字典《其中最早的是一本約120頁的小冊子，由一個叫Robert Cawdray的人編輯，于1604年出版，名為《按字母排序的罕見英語詞匯表》。正如后來17世紀出版的許多字典一樣，Cawdray傾向于著重收錄學術詞匯。這本字典的功能之一就是使字典的使用者能體現出良好的學術修養。

  Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer — lexical as well as social and commercial. it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.

  除了規范英語混亂狀態的實際需要外，英語字典的興盛也與英國中產階級的興起有關。這些中產階級渴望對各種要征服的環境進行定義和約束，包括詞匯環境、社會環境和商業環境。塞繆爾?約翰遜博士作為18世紀文學家的典型代表，在當時和現在都享有盛譽，他在中產階級正如日中天之時出版他的《字典》真是再合“時”不過了。

  Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holbom Bar on 18 June 1764.He was to be paid ￡1.575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

  約翰遜是詩人、批評家，他將常識提髙到了天賦的髙度。對于那些從17世紀晚期到18世紀早期一直困擾著作家的問題，約翰遜的解決方法是非常實用的。在約翰遜之前，如果沒有專門的學術機構判別正確與錯誤的用法，要出版這樣一部大型字典幾乎是不可能的。約翰遜則認為不需要學術機構來解決語言上的爭端，他要自己編一本字典，而且要自己親手去編。1764年6月18日，約翰遜與書商Robert Dosley在Holbom酒店附近的Golden Anchor旅店吃早餐時，簽訂了關于這本《字典》的合同。約翰遜因此獲得了總價值1575英鎊的分期付款，他從這些錢中拿出一些租下了17Gough廣場，在這里建起了自己的“字典作坊”。

  James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up. Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.

  James Boswell曾為約翰遜作傳，他描述說約翰遜工作的閣樓就像“一個賬房”，中間有一張長長的的桌子，負責抄寫的工作人員站著工作。約翰遜坐在一把快要散架的椅子上，面前是一張老式的搖搖晃晃的文案桌，周圍亂七八糟堆放著一堆借來的書。同時旁邊有六個助手幫助，其中兩個在《字典》編纂的籌備階段就去世了。

  The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law — according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.

  工作量是巨大的。當時，約翰遜在身邊還沒有圖書館可參閱的條件下，將80大本筆記進行了分類整理，撰寫了4萬多條詞的定義，并將這些詞的多個義項用約11.4萬條從各個學科的英語書面材料中摘出的引例加以佐證上些引例來源極廣，從伊麗莎白時代到當時作家的作品都被涵蓋在內。約翰遜并沒有想進行完全的自我創作。由于有最后期限，他不得不吸收先前所有字典的精華之處，這就使他的工作成了一項規模宏大的整合工作。事實上，約翰遜所做的工作絕不僅限于此。和以前的字典編基者不同的是，約翰遜對待英語的態度十分務實。他將英語看成是活的語言，意思上有許多細微的差別。他對詞的定義采取英語普通法則：遵照先例。因此，約翰遜的《字典》出版后，在長達一個多世紀的時間里，都沒有出現一本真正能與其相媲美的字典。

  After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe" The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.

  幾經周折后，約翰遜的這本《字典》終于在1775年4月15日出版了。一經出版，這本字典就在整個歐洲獲得了一致認可，被譽為里程碑式的著作?一位意大利著名的辭書編築者寫道:“這項崇高的作品將成為其著者永恒的榮譽豐碑，也是其祖國的一項特別榮耀，這部作品惠及了整個歐洲大陸文學界。”眾所周知，40個法國學者花了40年的時間才出版了第一部法語字典。而約翰遜一個人就承擔了一項歐洲學術界所做的工作并毫不遜色地把它完成，這一切都讓英國人引以為傲。

  Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words ‘conferred stability on the language of his country.’

  約翰遜幾乎沒有得到學者的幫助或偉人的贊助，也沒有退休后的舒適條件，更不是在涼爽的書房中完成工作。他是在種種不便與干擾中、在疾病折磨和憂傷中一直工作了九年。盡管存在瑕疵和怪異之處，他的這部兩卷本的著作仍然稱得上是一部杰作，一座里程碑。用他自己的話說，這本字典“規范了拼寫，進行了詞匯比較，規范了結構，明確了英文字詞的含義”。這部字典為后來的標準英語奠定了基礎，這一成就，用James Boswell的話說，就是“為英語的穩定做出了貢獻”。

  The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George Ⅲ to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.

  約翰遜因為這部《字典》和其他一些作品而聞名于世并備受尊重，這使得他的朋友能夠說服國王喬治三世賞賜給他養老金。從那時起，他就成了家喻戶曉的約翰遜。

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